Monday, December 28, 2020

Parthiban Kanavu in English - Start Here



We are pleased to bring you a complete, unabridged translation of Kalki's Parthiban Kanavu, (பார்த்திபன் கனவு Parthiban's Dream). 

The translation has been done in a way that is loyal to the original, and also remains accessible to people who do not understand Tamil. For example, we have avoided the use of Tamil exclamations, expressions and salutations for clarity and accessibility. We wanted it to read as if it was written originally in English. We also tried to emulate Kalki's simple, fluent style in the English version. Let us know if we succeeded in our goals.

Here are a few easy links for you to start with.

Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: The Pier

If you like the work, please share it on social media. Reviews are appreciated as well. If you do choose to review, please let us know your name or initials, so we can credit you for any snippets.

Finally, please provide your feedback here, so we can refine the work: Feedback Please.

Anand Kannan and Sujatha Chakravarthi.


Acknowledgments

I (Anand) want to call out:

  • Malathi Kannan (my mom) and Sujatha Chakravarthi, (wife) for proof-reading. Amazing how many mistakes escape you when you re-read your own writing!
  • Readers (most of them anonymous), who provided encouragement and the impetus to keep going. 



Friday, December 11, 2020

Book 03 - Chapter 40: Dream Realized



Vikraman was crowned as the independent ruler of the Chozha kingdom on an auspicious day. He wed Kundavi on another auspicious day.

When he sought Emperor Narasimha Varman’s blessings, the emperor said, “My child, you should always act as a worthy son of King Parthiban. Let the Almighty bless you with the required strength”.  He struck the same note when Kundavi touched his feet – “Stay blessed! Always act as the daughter of Emperor Narasimhan and the worthy daughter-in-law of King Parthiban!”.

While Vikraman and Kundavi sat on the throne, the Chozha country excelled in all respects. The country was blessed with regular rains and enjoyed the conditions to grow three crops a year. Every village had Shiva and Vishnu temples constructed. Art and sculpture flourished.  Goddess Lakshmi and Goddess Saraswati roamed the banks of Kaveri together.

Despite all this, King Parthiban’s dream did not truly materialize during that time. Vikraman’s fame paled against the glory of Emperor Narasimha Varman, just as planets fade in sunlight.  Tales of Parthiban’s death, and Vikraman’s brave deeds spread far and wide, but they only added to the Emperor’s glory.

The Pallava rule did not fade away after Narasimha Varman’s time. While the Pallavas remained dominant, the Chozha kingdom remained constrained to a small region. However, Vikraman and his successors did not forget Parthiban’s dreams. They showed the paintings in the Uraiyur art gallery to their children and kept reminding them of their significance.

The Chozha country gained prominence about three hundred years later, under the rule of Rajaraja Chozha and later, his son Rajendra Chozha. In that era, it eclipsed the Pallava kingdom. The Chozhas traversed north to the banks of the Ganges, south to Sri Lanka and East to Kadeh and Malaysia, and unfurled the tiger flag. Their ships sailed bearing the tiger flag, and captured such distant lands such as Malaya and Java. Temples and towers stood tall, symbolizing the rising fame of the Chozha kings.  They still stand as glorious reminders of that era.

Thus, Parthiban’s dreams came true three centuries after his death.

THE END

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Parthban Kanavu: The Tamil version of the novel is in the public domain. Copyright for the translation is reserved by the translator..

Art by Sujatha, unless otherwise credited.

Tuesday, December 8, 2020

Book 03 - Chapter 39: Extreme Penalty



Uraiyur’s transformation was hard to believe. The city was very well decorated. It appeared that Lakshmi, the Goddess of wealth, who appeared to have left the city with King Parthiban’s march to war, had returned that day. The mood among residents was jubilant after a long time. People were arriving from other towns on foot, and on bullock carts. People had formed spontaneous clusters on streets and were participating in enthusiastic discussions.
It was said that the emperor had convened the public assembly and had invited prominent citizens from various towns and villages to participate. People anticipated significant developments and sensational revelations in the assembly. Word had spread that Queen Arulmozhi and Prince Vikraman had returned. Grapevine had it that Vikraman was staying in the spring palace under the guise of a trader, had fallen in love with princess Kundavi, and was planning to wed her. Some felt that this event would usher an era of cordial relationship between Kanchi and Uraiyur. Some others disagreed with the statement. The latter group felt that Vikraman was under trial for violating the terms of banishment, and the Emperor was going to consult the public before deciding on the appropriate punishment. People heard various versions of the happenings at the foot of the Kolli Hill, and Marappa Bhupathi’s death.

As Ponnan and Valli walked on the streets, people stopped them. Many people asked, ‘Ponna, what is going to happen today?’  Ponnan denied any special knowledge; and urged them to be patient until the evening.  Valli too was questioned, and she replied in a similar vein as well.  The two happily basked in the limelight.

The assembly hall was magnificently decorated. No one who has reached heaven and observed Lord Indra’s celestial court has returned to tell us about it. Those who saw the Emperor’s assembly that day agreed that the assembly must have been a good approximation.  

Everyone had taken the assigned seats at the scheduled time. The lone exception was the emperor. On one side of the Emperor’s throne, the Shaivite sage and Siruthondar were seated, resembling the divine advisors, sages Vashishta and Vamadeva. On the other side, prince Mahendran and princess Kundavi were seated. Near them were Queen Arulmozhi and the Lady of Thiruvengadu, the wife of Siruthondar. Siruthondar’s beloved son, young Seerala Devan was seated between the two women, and was surveying the scene with wonder. Ponnan and Valli were standing behind these seats.

In front of the Emperor’s throne, Vikraman was seated with his head held high, surrounded by the Pallava general, and a few soldiers.  He was determined not to look at Kundavi. But on occasions, his eyes spontaneously went to her. At the same time, Kundavi would look at him. They would both quickly divert their eyes, ashamed at their own lack of discipline.

In the august assembly, other prominent people had assigned seats too – ministers, army officials, treasurers, poets, scholars, learned gurus, traders and the village officials. Another distinguished member was seated behind prince Mahendran. His appearance and clothing suggested he was not from the Tamil region at all. He was a traveler from China. People found his name amusing – Hsuan Tsang.

There were other foreigners present. They looked like foreigners, but they seemed to be talking in Tamil. On closer inspection, we realize that they were the people who sailed from Senbaga Island with Vikraman. It was natural that they were anxious to learn the outcome from the trial.

Servants and maids were spread out through the assembly hall, distributing sandalwood paste, serving betel leaves and fanning the distinguished visitors.

The crowd started speculating on the reason the Emperor had not arrived. Siruthondar sensed the restlessness of the crowd, silenced the assembly with a gesture, and started speaking in a commanding voice.

“Dear audience. I have received word that the Emperor will be delayed a little longer. He has asked me to clarify the purpose of this assembly”.

The crowd grew silent and started listening to him with due respect.

Siruthondar resumed, “My friend King Parthiban has attained the heaven of warriors. His son Vikraman is standing here, as he was caught breaching the terms of his banishment. The emperor wishes to investigate the motives behind his return, consult you, and then arrive at the appropriate punishment for the violation. Before you provide your input, let me explain the background events so everyone is clear. Although prince Vikraman is guilty of breaching the terms of banishment, it appears that he was not entirely responsible for the violation. My friend seated here has assumed a significant amount of responsibility for the prince’s acts.”

Everyone’s attention went to the sage. Members of the assembly, impressed by the aura he exuded, wondered who he was. ‘Who is this sage? Sage Appar has reached the heavenly abode. Sage Sambandar is too young. Siruthondar is here. Who else could this be? And why would he want to assume responsibility for prince Vikraman’s guilt?’, they wondered.

Siruthondar reminded them how King Parthiban marched to the battle. He spoke about the terrible battle at the banks of river Vennar. The members were moved to goosebumps when he described how the ten thousand men fought bravely to attain the heaven of the warriors. He talked about how the sage went looking for King Parthiban’s body on that full moon night of month Purattasi. He described how the sage had found Parthiban alive, how King Parthiban expressed a dying wish, and how the sage had promised to bring Vikraman up as a brave, independent man. Many members of the assembly were moved to tears.

He resumed to describe how the sage came to Uraiyur to meet Arulmozhi; how Vikraman was captured in an attempt to raise the Chozha flag in the Chirappalli hill; how he was deported; how he wished to return to see his mother and homeland; how he survived several hurdles after his return; how Neelakesi, under the guise of Kapala Rudra Bhairavan managed to abduct queen Arulmozhi and imprison her in the caves; and how the sage worked tirelessly to uncover Neelakesi’s conspiracy. Finally, he described how Vikraman risked his life to free the sage.

After this summary, he addressed the audience. “Members of the assembly! Now I have a question for you. Do you think my friend, the Shaivite sage has redeemed the pledge he made to King Parthiban on the battlefield? Do you believe Prince Vikraman has been brought up as a brave, independent warrior?”

The members of the assembly responded with a resounding, “Yes!”. Their voices were heard well beyond the vast assembly hall.

After the noise died down, Siruthondar raised his arm to silence the assembly. He resumed, “I have one more important piece of information for you. After the sage granted the dying wish of King Parthiban, the king asked, ‘Your holiness, may I know who you are?’.  This sage removed his guise by removing his fake beard and hair. The king died peacefully, satisfied that his wish would be fulfilled.”

There was palpable excitement in the assembly on hearing this.

Siruthondar resumed. “You must be eager to discover the identity of this sage. Here you go!”. He quickly reached out and removed the sage’s beard and the wig. The audience gasped as they saw the majestic face of Emperor Narasimha Varman.

The audience erupted with cheers. Kundavi cried, “Father!”, as she ran to embrace the Emperor. Queen Arulmozhi was overcome with emotion, and Siruthondar’s wife supported her as she was about to faint. Vikraman was staring, open-mouthed at the Emperor. Ponnan grabbed Valli’s hand and shook it, without being conscious of what he was doing.

Someone shouted, “Victory to Emperor Narasimha Pallava!” and the audience repeated the chant. Ponnan spontaneously shouted, “Victory to King Vikraman!”. The audience echoed that too.

In this melee, the audience discovered that the sage was no longer at his seat.

Siruthondar rose again and spoke. “Dear members of the assembly, there is one more item on the agenda. Emperor Narsimha Varman will sit on the seat of justice and pronounce his verdict on Prince Vikraman’s offence”.

In a while, the Emperor returned to the assembly, clad in his royal clothes. As he occupied the seat of justice, the members of the assembly chanted “Victory to the Emperor!” again.

After the noise settled down, the Emperor rose. “I have learnt your opinion on Prince Vikraman’s actions. When someone violates the terms of banishment, they deserve the extreme penalty. So, I award Vikraman the extreme penalty of wearing the Chozha crown all alone! The Chozha nation is independent with immediate effect. I rule that Vikraman and his offsprings will bear the burden of ruling the nation!”.

The cheers that rose from the audience was indescribable!

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Parthban Kanavu: The Tamil version of the novel is in the public domain. Copyright for the translation is reserved by the translator..

Art by Sujatha, unless otherwise credited.

Sunday, December 6, 2020

Book 03 - Chapter 38: The Appropriate Punishment



It was the morning after the new moon night. Kundavi was in the Mamallapuram palace. As Kundavi waited, each moment felt like a lifetime. She would repeatedly climb up to the terrace, look around, rush down again, issue commands to the attendants, and talk to Valli, who had accompanied her from Uraiyur. Amidst all this, her ears would be listening for hoof-beats. She would stop her conversations and listen for sounds. Not surprisingly, it was the arrival of Vikraman and Ponnan that she was eagerly expecting.
She had decided what to do after Vikraman and Ponnan arrived. She had changed her mind and decided against sailing with Vikraman. It would give rise to rumors. Doing so would also create an opportunity for Vikraman to be captured again. Further, she could not bear to elope without talking to her father. She did not want her actions to bring dishonor to her father.  She had decided that it would be more proper to let Vikraman sail away, confess everything to her father, explain that she had taken Vikraman as her husband in her mind, and ask for his permission. The emperor was certain to understand and grant her permission to sail to Senbaga Island. Hadn’t he repeatedly said, ‘I am not going to make any effort to find you a match. You will pick your husband yourself’?

Kundavi’s mind was racing with such thoughts as she waited for Vikraman. She got progressively more restless as the sun rose in the sky. Her heart almost stopped when she finally heard hoof-beats late in the afternoon. ‘Do I really want to bid farewell to Vikraman and stay behind? Is that what the great women of the epics do? Did Subhadra not go with Arjun? Did Rukmani not leave with Krishna? Why should I stay, letting my man leave? Besides, can I even bring myself to stay behind?’. Her agitation increased as the hoof-beats drew closer.

The horses stopped at the front entrance. The servants had been ordered to show Devasenan, the gem merchant in, as soon as he arrived. ‘The riders have dismounted and are walking into the palace. But what is this? It is the Emperor!’. Her head spun on this realization. She recovered her poise and spoke, “Father, welcome back home. Where had you been all this time?”

The Emperor came close and gave her an affectionate embrace. He felt her body shaking, and asked, “My child, why are you shivering?”

“Nothing! Just surprised to see you!”

“Very well. Sit down, my child. When did you return from Uraiyur? Why did you return in such a hurry?”, asked the Emperor as he sat down.

Kundavi’s mind started racing. ‘What if he arrives when father is here? Is there a way to message him to go to the ship rather than the palace?”

The emperor was apparently oblivious to her plight. “My child, I am leaving for Uraiyur this evening. Do you want to come along, or have you had enough of Uraiyur?”

“Going to Uraiyur? Why?” asked Kundavi.

“There have been several important developments. Queen Arulmozhi has been found!”

“Thank heavens!”

“Yes! Do you know who found him? The phony sage that you often talk about!”

“What?! Where was she? Who had imprisoned her? Was it … perhaps.. that phony sage?”

The Emperor said with a smile, “Still suspicious! The sage did not abduct the queen. As I had told you before, it was the chief priest of the Kapalik cult – Maha Kapala Bhairavan. The sage risked his life in the attempt to save the queen. He was caught and taken to the sacrificial altar. Someone literally saved his life before the assassin’s sword fell. Do you know who?”

“Who was it, father?”

“Devasenan, the gem merchant from Senbaga Island, and Ponnan, the boatman arrived at the right time.”

Kundavi was about to say something, but no words came out. Her mouth remained open.

“My child, there is a greater surprise! Do you know who that Devasenan is? He is an impostor as well. He is really the banished Chozha prince, Vikraman. He apparently returned to see his mother and his homeland. Such nerve! Such audacity!”

Kundavi’s voice shook as she asked, “Where are they now?”

“They? Do you mean Vikraman and Ponnan? I have ordered them to be taken to Uraiyur. I am headed to Uraiyur for the trial. Do you want to come along?”

Kundavi’s equilibrium broke. All her pent-up emotions came to the surface, as she placed her head on her father’s lap and broke down. She sobbed.

The Emperor’s face, which had a bright smile, darkened. He had tears in eyes. He affectionately stroked Kundavi’s head and back. He said, “My child, why are you sad? It seems to me that you have something in your mind. You can confide in me, whatever it is!”

Kundavi told him the whole story haltingly, and a little bit at a time. She told him about losing her heart to Vikraman when she saw him as he was being taken to the prison in chains. She told him about seeing Vikraman unconscious in Mahendra mantap, and taking him in her palanquin. She told him of the plans to help him to board the ship to Senbaga Island. Finally, she said, “Father, I have taken the Chozha prince as my husband in my mind. I won’t dream of marrying anyone else”.

The emperor’s voice softened as he said, “My child, love is the only permanent thing in this impermanent world.  When two hearts unite, God makes His presence felt. No one has the right to obstruct the union of those hearts, not even the parents. If you want to marry the Chozha prince, I won’t stop you. However, you should remember that the Pallava justice system is impartial. It is even-handed, and applies the same way to a pauper and a prince. There will be a trial of the Chozha prince. He will be sentenced after due investigation. If you still want to marry him after the sentencing, I won’t stop you.”

Kundavi asked, “Father, what is the punishment for breaking terms of banishment?”

“Usually, it is the death sentence. But there are things to consider in the case of Chozha prince.”

“What things?”

“You used to say that he is not responsible for his actions; and that it was the phony sage who instigated him. I now believe that it might be the case as well. Now we have the sage too. We have to question him to get to the truth.”

Kundavi thought, ‘It is all the phony sage’s fault. If he had not courted danger last night, the prince would now be safely on board the ship’.

The emperor resumed, “There is another matter to consider. Do you remember who lent the gem trader a horse to go to the Chozha country?”

“Father!”, cried Kundavi in delight.  She remembered that the emperor had assumed the guise of the spy chief to assist Vikraman in getting to the Chozha country.

“How does that affect the punishment?”, she asked.

“It will all be clear after the trial. Justice will be done. The Pallava justice system never falters”, said the emperor.

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Parthban Kanavu: The Tamil version of the novel is in the public domain. Copyright for the translation is reserved by the translator..

Art by Sujatha, unless otherwise credited.

Friday, December 4, 2020

Book 03 - Chapter 37: Neelakesi



A series of astonishing events took place after Siruthondar emerged from behind the boulder. It was hard to say how, but many armed soldiers magically kept appearing on the scene out of the rocky terrain. An even more magical event was that the sage, who had lain bound on the rock somehow had freed himself and jumped down to the ground.
Meanwhile, Siruthondar kept walking towards Kapala Bhairavan, who had a look of terror on his face. His panic seemed to increase as Siruthondar came closer.

Siruthondar looked straight at him, and called out, “You phony Kapalik! On the altar of the Holy Mother Kali, tell everyone who you really are!”.

Kapala Bhairavan stepped back two paces, seemed to lose his strength, stumbled and fell to the ground.

The assembly of Kali worshippers seemed to grow restless at this and uttered a collective groan. Vikraman was concerned that the fanatical assembly could cause trouble. Ponnan, on the other hand, was watching the scene with a mixture of wonder and devotion.

The Kapaliks rushed towards the fallen Kapala Bhairavan. Siruthondar quickly climbed up the sacrificial altar.  He said, “Devotees of Mother Kali, please come closer. I am going to tell you the truth about the one-handed man, who has been deceiving you with the false identity of Kapala Bhairavan!”.

People were already bemused on seeing Kapala Bhairavan’s panic on encountering Siruthondar. On hearing this, they surrounded him and looked at him with curiosity. Siruthondar addressed them in a loud, commanding voice.

“Listen, my people. We were all born in this holy Tamil land. Many great spiritual leaders were born here and have imparted their wisdom. They have provided discourses on the true nature of God, and our true path to God. Thirumoolar said,

“Anbum Sivamum irandenbar arivilar!”

This translates to ‘those who speak of God and Love as two separate things are ignorant’.

The Vaishnavite sage has said,

“Anbe Thagaliyai, Arvame Neyyaga

Inbugu Sinthai Iduthiriyai – Nanburugi

Gnana Chudar Vilakketrinen”

This translates to: “I lit the light of wisdom using love as the lamp, enthusiasm as clarified butter, my blissful mind as the wick, my soul melting in the process”.

Amidst such spiritual thoughts that have flourished in our country, we also have beliefs such as Kapalikam and Bhairavam that pollute people’s minds. Some people are promoting terrible practices such as human sacrifice and meat-based offerings to Gods. How ignorant is it to believe that Lord Shiva, who is love personified, and Shakti, who is characterized by kindness will appreciate human sacrifice! Scriptures say things like ‘Lord Shiva holds a skull in his hand’, and ‘Shakti wears a garland of skulls’. Learned people have taught us that these are said in a symbolic and metaphysical sense rather than in a crude, literal sense. Despite the best efforts to such wise people, how did human sacrifice take hold in this holy land? Who has been evangelizing these evil practices? My friend here, the Shaivite sage, and I have been working to find answers and get to the root of such evil. My friend succeeded in those efforts and has discovered the truth”.

A voice asked, “But who is he?” Several voices added, “And where is he?”

The sage appeared to have slipped away quietly in the confusion caused by Siruthondar’s appearance.

Siruthondar continued, “If you attend the event in Uraiyur in two days, you will discover the holy sage’s identity. Now, you should hear the truth on Kapala Bhairavan, the man lying here on the ground trembling. Do you recall that Pulikesi, the King of Vatapi marched with his forces on the Tamil country in Emperor Mehendra Pallava’s days?”

Many voices assented, “Yes, we remember!”

“Then you may also remember the atrocities that the tyrant Pulikesi and his armies committed in the Tamil countryside, and how his army breached our trust. After Emperor Mahendra Pallava passed away, our Emperor Narasimha Varman and I marched on Vatapi for a retaliatory attack, as you know. In the battle that took place near the fort of Vatapi, the Tamil forces destroyed the armies of Vatapi. Emperor Narasimha Varman had ordered us not to let any Vatapi soldier escape alive. In contravention of those orders, I had let a man escape.  The man had lost his arm in the battle. He fell on my feet and begged for refuge. I did not have the heart to kill a man who had sought refuge. I had let him escape. He was Neelakesi, the brother of Pulikesi. Neelakesi was even more cruel than his tyrannical brother!”

There were loud exclamations from the crowd. Words such as “such a betrayal!”, “fraud” were heard in the chatter.

Siruthondar waited for the noise to die down and resumed. “When I told the emperor that I let him escape, the emperor felt that I had made a big mistake. He warned me there would be dire consequences for my action. He turned out to be right. This man, Neelakesi, took advantage of the confusion and disillusionment among people during the time of the great draught. He came to this holy land and started spreading the dark practices of Kapalikam and human sacrifice. Do you know why? What he could not achieve with his might, he wanted to achieve with his guile. He wanted you to revolt against our Emperor. He had been accumulating dangerous weapons, thousands of axes and swords in the caves of the Kolli hills.”

Kapala Bhairavan uttered a loud, angry exclamation of “Aargh!”

“Yes, and all those have been removed upon our emperor’s orders.  He had also planned to use Vikraman, the Chozha prince as a part of that conspiracy. He had imprisoned King Parthiban’s wife, Vikraman’s mother, Queen Arulmozhi to use as leverage in his efforts.”

Kapala Bhairavan got to his feet at this point. He seemed to have recovered his poise. He asked, “This is all a lie! Where is your proof?!”

“I am the proof!”, said a voice. It was Marappan, who walked to the middle from the shades of a tree. “Yes, I can serve as a witness. This man, Neelakesi is not really a Kapalik. He is an impostor. He has been conspiring against our great Emperor. He asked me to participate in his schemes. I refused. Then he tried to get this banished Chozha prince to help with his conspiracy. He arranged to intercept the soldiers who were taking the arrested prince to Kanchi and bring him here.”

Siruthondar said, “That is enough Marappa!”

It is impossible for us to guess Marappan’s motives. He might have wanted to distance himself from Kapala Bhairavan. Or he may have been incensed that Kapala Bhairavan spoke of crowning Vikraman as the prince of the new kingdom.  Regardless of the motive, he did something unexpected. He pulled out his sword. He stepped closer to Kapala Bhairavan, and spoke, “This man conspired against our great Emperor. Let me sacrifice him to Mother Kali!” Before anyone could react, he swung his sword and beheaded Kapala Bhairavan.

Everyone stood stunned. Marappan turned towards Siruthondar and fell on his feet. He said, “My Lord, I did that out of anger. Please forgive me!”

Another unexpected event followed. Chitraguptan, the dwarf jumped up and landed near the sacrificial altar. He threw his knife at Marappan, who was still lying prostrate on the ground. The knife pierced Marappan’s neck. The Pallava soldiers surrounded Chitraguptan and captured him. Chitraguptan just cackled.

Vikraman was revolted beyond words at these events that had happened in a few moments. Although he was accustomed to soldiers killing each other on a battlefield, he had found these senseless murders disturbing. He turned to Ponnan and said, “Ponna, let’s go!”. Then he noticed the Pallava soldiers who had surrounded him as well.

The leader of the soldiers showed him a palm scroll. The scroll had the emperor’s seal. It had the orders for Vikraman to be brought to Uraiyur, where his trial would take place.

Vikraman read the scroll and looked around. His hand went to his sword. Ponnan said, “My king, please don’t act in haste!”

Siruthondar saw all this and asked, “What is in that scroll?”. The lead soldier showed him. After reading the message, Siruthondar addressed Vikraman, “Vikrama, comply with these orders and go to Uraiyur. I am going to take your mother and go there as well. When the Emperor hears what happened here, he is bound to change his mind. Don’t do anything hasty”.

Ponnan and Vikraman left the area, surrounded by the soldiers.

Siruthondar stayed a little longer and provided a discourse on the kindness of God and how misguided the notion of sacrifice was. The crowd, which had a mixture of people who came to sacrifice themselves and who came to sacrifice others, went home, discussing the noble man who effected a timely intervention. There was also considerable speculation as to who the sage might really be.

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 Click here for the audiobook version

Parthban Kanavu: The Tamil version of the novel is in the public domain. Copyright for the translation is reserved by the translator..

Art by Sujatha, unless otherwise credited.

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